AP Styles

Generally speaking, VA adopts the AP style of written correspondence, particularly when it comes to news copy. VA has its own style for writing, which may supersede the AP styles, and the variances can be found in the VA Public Affairs Guidelines.

This webpage is intended to provide an overview of AP style and a summary of some AP style rules.

Purpose

The content of newspapers and other mass media is typically the result of many different writers and editors working together. AP style provides consistent guidelines for such publications regarding grammar, spelling, punctuation, and language usage. Some guiding principles behind the AP style are:

• Consistency
• Clarity
• Accuracy
• Brevity

AP style also aims to avoid stereotypes and unintentionally offensive language.

Common Style Guidelines

The Associated Press Stylebook provides an A-Z guide to issues such as capitalization, abbreviation, punctuation, spelling, numerals, and many other language usage questions. What follows are summaries of some of the most common style rules.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Some widely known abbreviations are required in certain situations, while others are acceptable but not required in some contexts. For example, Dr., Gov., Lt. Gov., Rep., the Rev., and Sen. are required before a person’s full name when they occur outside a direct quotation. Please note that medical and political titles only need to be used on the first reference when they appear outside of a direct quote. For courtesy titles, use these on a second reference or when specifically requested. Other acronyms and abbreviations are acceptable but not required (i.e., FBI, CIA, GOP). The context should govern such decisions.

Addresses

For numbered addresses, always use figures. Abbreviate Ave., Blvd., and St. and directional cues when used with a numbered address. Always spell out other words such as alley, drive, and road. If the street name or directional cue is used without a numbered address, it should be capitalized and spelled out. If a street name is a number, spell out First through Ninth and use figures for 10th and higher. Here are some examples of correctly formatted addresses: 101 N. Grant St., Northwestern Avenue, South Ninth Street, 102 S. 10th St., 605 Woodside Drive.

Ages

For ages, always use figures. If the age is used as an adjective or as a substitute for a noun, then it should be hyphenated. Don’t use apostrophes when describing an age range. Examples: A 21-year-old student. The student is 21 years old. The girl, 8, has a brother, 11. The contest is for 18-year-olds. He is in his 20s.

Books, Periodicals, and Other Types of Compositions

Use quotation marks around the titles of books, songs, television shows, computer games, poems, lectures, speeches, and works of art. Examples: Author Porter Shreve read from his new book, “When the White House Was Ours.” They sang “The Star-Spangled Banner” before the game.

Do not use quotations around the names of magazines, newspapers, the Bible, or books that are catalogs of reference materials. Examples:

The Washington Post first reported the story. He reads the Bible every morning.

Do not underline or italicize any of the above.

Dates, Months, Years, Days of the Week

For dates and years, use figures. Do not use st, ND, rd, or th with dates, and use Arabic figures. Always capitalize months. Spell out the month unless it is used with a date. When used with a date, abbreviate only the following months: Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec.

Commas are not necessary if only a year and month are given, but commas should be used to set off a year if the date, month, and year are given. Use the letter s but not an apostrophe after the figures when expressing decades or centuries. Do, however, use an apostrophe before figures expressing a decade if numerals are left out. Examples: Classes begin Aug. 25. Purdue University was founded May 6, 1869. The semester begins in January. The 1800s. The ’90s.

If you refer to an event that occurred the day before when the article will appear, do not use the word yesterday. Instead, use the day of the week. Capitalize the days of the week, but do not abbreviate. If an event occurs more than seven days before or after the current date, use the month and a figure.

Names

Always use a person’s first and last name the first time they are mentioned in a story. Only use last names on the second reference. Do not use courtesy titles such as Mr., Mrs., Miss, or Ms. unless they are part of a direct quotation or are needed to differentiate between people with the same last name.

Numerals

Never begin a sentence with a figure, except for sentences that begin with a year. Examples: Two hundred freshmen attended. Five actors took the stage. 1776 was an important year.

Use roman numerals to describe wars and to show sequences for people. Examples: World War II, Pope John Paul II, Elizabeth II.

For ordinal numbers, spell out first through ninth and use figures for 10th and above when describing the order in time or location. Examples: second base, 10th in a row. Some ordinal numbers, such as those indicating political or geographic order, should use figures in all cases. Examples: 3rd District Court, 9th ward.

For cardinal numbers, consult individual entries in the Associated Press Stylebook. If no usage is specified, spell out numbers below 10 and use figures for numbers 10 and above. Example: The man had five children and 11 grandchildren.

When referring to money, use numerals. For cents or amounts of $1 million or more, spell the words cents, million, billion, trillion, etc. Examples: $26.52, $100,200, $8 million, 6 cents.

OIT related

Cybersecurity Terms

Follow the general rule for prefixes and do not use hyphens:

• cyberattack
• cyberbullying
• cybercafe
• cybercrime
• cybercriminals
• cyberthreat

Exceptions

• Cyber Monday
• cyber (adjective) as a separate, stand-alone adjective: e.g., cyber shopping.

General security

Malware – unauthorized program or set of instructions as a virus, worm, or Trojan horse, designed to disrupt the normal functioning of a computer.

• anti-virus
• anti-spyware
• anti-malware

virus, worm – computer virus is any malicious, invasive program designed to infect and disrupt computers.

Punctuation

Use a single space after a period.

Always use the serial (Oxford) comma before the final “and” when listing items in a series:

• They packed bread, cheese, and drinks for the picnic.
• Note: This guidance deviates from the AP style. VA ExecSec and OIT Office of Communication prefer to use the serial comma, superseding the AP style.

Commas and periods go within quotation marks. Example: “I did nothing wrong,” he said. She said, “Let’s go to the Purdue game.”

States and Cities

When the name of a state name appears in the body of a text, spell it out. When the name of a city and state are used together, the name of the state should be abbreviated (except for Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas, and Utah). States should also be abbreviated when used as part of a short-form political affiliation. Examples: He came from Lafayette, Ind. The peace accord was signed in Dayton, Ohio. The wildfire began in California and moved east toward Carson City, Nev.

States

State abbreviations in AP style differ from the two-letter ZIP code abbreviations. Here is a listing of states with their respective ISO code, postal abbreviation, and AP-style abbreviation.

Cities

AP style does not require the name of a state to accompany the names of the following 30 cities:

• Atlanta
• Baltimore
• Boston
• Chicago
• Cincinnati
• Cleveland
• Dallas
• Denver
• Detroit
• Honolulu
• Houston
• Indianapolis
• Las Vegas
• Los Angeles
• Miami
• Milwaukee
• Minneapolis
• New Orleans
• New York
• Oklahoma City
• Philadelphia
• Phoenix
• Pittsburgh
• St. Louis
• Salt Lake City
• San Antonio
• San Diego
• San Francisco
• Seattle
• Washington

Use New York state when necessary to distinguish the state from New York City. Use state of Washington or Washington state when necessary to distinguish the state from the District of Columbia.

Times

The exact time when an event has occurred or will occur is unnecessary for most stories. Of course, there are occasions when the time of day is important. In such cases, use figures, but spell out noon and midnight. Use a colon to separate hours from minutes, but do not use:00. Examples: 1 p.m., 3:30 a.m.

Titles

Generally, capitalize formal titles when they appear before a person’s name, but use lowercase titles if they are informal, appear without a person’s name, follow a person’s name, or are set off before a name by commas. Also, lowercase adjectives designate the status of a title. If a title is long, place it after the person’s name, or set it off with commas before the person’s name. Examples: President Obama; President-elect Trump; Sen. Mitch McConnell; former President George H.W. Bush; John Kelley, director of homeland security.

Technological Terms

Here are the correct spelling and capitalization rules for some common technological terms:

• BlackBerry, BlackBerrys
• download
• eBay Inc. (use EBay Inc. when the word begins a sentence)
• e-book
• e-book reader
• e-reader
• email
• cellphone
• Facebook
• Google, Googling, Googled
• hashtag
• IM (IMed, IMing; for first reference, use instant messenger)
• internet
• intranet
• iPad, iPhone, iPod (use IPad, IPhone, or IPod when the word begins a sentence)
• LinkedIn
• social media
• smartphone
• Twitter, tweet, tweeted, retweet
• World Wide Web
• webmaster, webpage, website, webfeed, the web, web service
• YouTube

Web Addresses

In articles, use the name of the website rather than the web address. Only use the “.com” in the name if it is part of the legal name (e.g. Amazon.com Inc). Only provide a hyperlink if the content is not questionable (VA website policies require the use of a disclaimer if linking to non-.gov addresses. See the VA Web Governance website.